Measles, once a common childhood illness, has re-emerged in certain regions, underscoring the need for awareness and preventive measures. Understanding its transmission, symptoms, and the pivotal role of vaccination is essential for protecting yourself and your community.

Measles, or rubeola, is a highly contagious viral infection caused by the measles virus, a member of the Paramyxoviridae family. It primarily affects children but can also infect unvaccinated adults. The virus spreads through respiratory droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes, making environments like schools and daycare centers particularly susceptible to outbreaks.

Who is at Risk?

• Children: Unvaccinated children are highly susceptible to measles, which can lead to severe complications such as pneumonia, encephalitis, and even death. Infants under 12 months, who are too young for vaccination, are especially vulnerable.
• Adults: Individuals born after 1957 who haven’t been vaccinated or previously infected are at risk. This is particularly concerning for those traveling internationally or working in healthcare settings.
• Pregnant Individuals: Measles during pregnancy can result in miscarriage, premature birth, or low birth weight, posing significant risks to both mother and child.

Measles is extraordinarily contagious; approximately 90% of susceptible individuals in close proximity to an infected person will contract the virus. The virus can remain viable in the air or on surfaces for up to two hours, allowing transmission even after the infected person has left the area.

Recognizing Symptoms of Measles

Symptoms typically emerge 10–12 days after exposure and may include:

• High fever (often exceeding 104°F or 40°C)
• Cough
• Runny nose
• Red, watery eyes (conjunctivitis)
• Koplik’s spots (tiny white spots) inside the mouth
• Red, blotchy rash that starts at the hairline and spreads downward

Potential Complications

While many recover without issues, measles can lead to serious complications, especially in young children, pregnant women, and those with weakened immune systems:

• Pneumonia: Occurs in about 6% of cases and is a leading cause of measles-related deaths.
• Encephalitis: Affects approximately 1 in 1,000 individuals, potentially causing permanent brain damage.
• Diarrhea and Dehydration: Common among young children, leading to further health complications.

Vaccination remains the most effective defense against measles. The MMR (Measles, Mumps, and Rubella) vaccine is typically administered in two doses: the first at 12–15 months and the second at 4–6 years of age. Adults without evidence of immunity should also consider vaccination, especially if they are healthcare workers or plan to travel internationally.

Measles is a preventable yet potentially severe disease. Staying informed about its transmission, recognizing symptoms early, and adhering to vaccination schedules are vital steps in safeguarding individual and public health.